The administration

What is it?
is a set of actions by which the manager, operates
For compliance phases of the administrative process    
What are the steps?
plannig, organization, direc , coordinate and control


Definitions

Planning : It's basically choose and set the missions and goals of the organization. Then, determine policies, projects , programs, procedures , methods , budgets, policies and strategies needed to achieve them , further including the decision to have to choose between several courses of future action. In short, is to decide in advance what you want to achieve in the future and how it will achieve.

Organization : Is to determine what tasks should be done, who does them, how they are grouped , who reports to whom and where decisions are made .


direc: The fact influence individuals to contribute for enforcement of organizational and group goals ; therefore, has to do primarily with the interpersonal aspect of management .

Control : This involves measuring and correcting individual and organizational performance to ensure that the facts adhere to the plans. Involves measuring performance based on goals and plans , detection of deviations from standards and contribution to correcting them.

Administration and its importance

The administration comes with humanity so its universal character is present everywhere and in all areas , this imparts effect to human efforts , and in general is essential for any social organism. Below you will see some of its features and their importance.

features

Universality: The administrative phenomenon occurs wherever there is a social organism and within these must always be systematic coordination of media.

Specificity: The administration is always accompanied by different sciences such as economics, accounting , engineering among others, but this remains specificity despite their close relationship in the different processes .

Unit process: Although the administrative process this compound through different stages, this is unique, this is constant, what varies is the degree of application in different processes in which you want to apply . You should always keep the interaction of its elements : planning, execution , control, re addressing.

Hierarchical Unit: All persons have the character of a social agency heads have a level of participation , this course is given in varying degrees and forms , form " a single administrative body, from the CEO to the last butler.

importance
The administration provides success at any social organization as these depend directly or indirectly from this , because they need to properly manage human and material resources they possess.

Proper management makes the level of productivity is improved.

Management remains at the forefront of changing environmental conditions , in this situation provides foresight and creativity.

Undoubtedly the great emblem is constantly improving .

The efficient management technique promotes and guides the development of any social organism.

In the small and medium business the only way to compete is by applying an effective administration.

Characters with their most important contributions

Here are the people who made significant contributions to the administration allowing this to be consolidated as a science , showing its applicability in various fields of industry are presented .

Frederick Winslow Taylor

Known as the "Father of Scientific Management ." His main interest was increased productivity through greater efficiency in production and better pay for workers by applying the scientific method. Its principles they stressed the use of science , creating group harmony and cooperation , achieving maximum production and development of employees.

Perhaps no other person has had the greatest impact on the initial development of the Administration . His experiences as a learner, common employee , foreman, master mechanic and finally as chief engineer in a steel company , giving him great opportunity to have a first hand knowledge of the problems and attitudes of workers and see great opportunities to improve quality of government.

Taylor 's main concern for most of his life was to increase efficiency in production, not only reduce costs and increase profits but also to enable higher wages for workers through increased productivity. For a nation is prosperous Taylor if your work is productive. Work and scientific management are the two key factors for improving productivity. The proposed development based on four principles:

1. The scientific organization of labor .
It refers to the activities to be undertaken by managers to replace empirical methods inefficient work and avoid systematic simulation , analyzing the best way of working.

February . Scientific selection and training of workers.
Refers to locate the right personnel in the relevant labor and promote education and worker prosperity . From the analysis of labor , management should specify the requirements for the efficient performance of their duties. This step allows you to select the most suitable candidate .

Three . Cooperation between managers and workers
You seek harmony and integration through a functional structure where bosses have more knowledge about business and therefore the right to give orders and the economic stimulus incentive schemes that pay according to individual performance or units produced .

April . Division of labor between managers and workers
Managers are responsible for planning, mental work , operators of execution of manual labor.

The significant contribution of Taylor refers to improving productivity through precise responsibilities of managers to specialize in work planning . This approach continues to be applied under different names , both in industrialized countries and those in developing .

Henry L. Gant

Proposed a scientific selection of workers and a "harmonious cooperation" between them and management. Stressed the need to develop a mutuality of interest between management and workers. In doing so , he stressed the importance of education to develop an understanding of systems by both the workers and the management and appreciate that " all the problems of government human element is the most important."

It is known for developing graphical methods to describe plans and enable better management control. Emphasized the importance of time and cost in planning and control of work . This led him to design the famous Gant Chart , being considered by some social historians as the most important social invention of the twentieth century .

Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

Lilian was one of the first industrial psychologists and received his doctorate in this discipline in 1915. After the sudden death of her husband in 1924 , continued at the head of the consulting firm and was widely acclaimed as the " first lady of the Administration" for his long life of 93 years .

Lilian Gilbreth 's interest in the human aspects of work and interest that had her husband efficiency, led to a rare combination of talents. For this reason Frank Gilbreth stressed that in applying the principles of scientific management , it is necessary to consider the first workers and understand their needs and personality. He claimed that scientific management can not determine standards of right or wrong but what determines efficiency standards for which the administration must " preserve the best first job ; Second , organize the present; and third anticipate and plan for the future . "
Interestingly Gilbreth husbands came to the conclusion that it is not the monotony at work cause much job dissatisfaction, but rather the lack of interest shown by the workers Management .

Henry Fayol

Known as the " father of modern management theory " , contributed to the theory of Directors through these scenarios:

Need to develop an administrative doctrine by the appearance of the positivist method.
The proper functioning of the formal organization of the company depends on the pursuit of continuous improvement by applying " principles, laws or rules" flexible, not absolute and must be used regardless of changing and special conditions.
Priority should be given to the subordination of particular interest to the general interest "which can be read as : the interest of the employer must take precedence over the interests of the worker , or also , the interest of those in power in organizations to subordinate individual interests .
Fayol 's administrative model has three basic aspects :

Application of the division of labor to establish a basic structure of the company by a process or group of core functions of the organization.
Administrative process management , basic functions of the directors or members of management.
Formulation of technical criteria that should guide the administrative activity or the general principles of management.
Fayol found that the activities of an industrial company could be divided into 6 groups :

Technical Production or manufacture , processing of inputs.
Business purchases , sales , market research , trade.
Financial Search and optimal use of capital.
Security : Protection of property and persons .
Bookkeeping : Record income and expenses, inventories, balances , statistics, cost.
Administrative or management forecast , control , organization, coordination and control.
Noting that these activities exist in businesses of any size, Fayol noted that the first five were well known and , therefore , devoted most of his book to an analysis of the Management .

Also proposes 14 principles , laws, rules or criteria for the proper functioning of the social structure. These are considered as the general principles of management at which they will be thoroughly later.

Hugo Münsterberg

Recognized as the "Father of Industrial Psychology " saw the importance of applying psychology to the new movement of scientific management . Münsterberg made ​​clear that its objectives were to discover :

How to find people whose mental qualities make them more suitable for the job they will do .
Psychological conditions in which the highest and most satisfactory working of each individual production can be obtained.
How can an influence employees to achieve the best possible results of these business.
Like Taylor, was interested in the common interests of managers and workers. He emphasized that his focus was on employees and through the expected reduce their working time, increase salaries and improve their " quality of life " .

Walter Dill Scott

He received his doctorate in psychology and wrote numerous books on the application of psychological principles to advertising and marketing on the development and management practices of staff with the appropriate selection concepts.

Considerable part of the thinking and research spent observing humans as a product of group behavior , this partly preceded the development of scientific management of Taylor and Fayol 's thinking and partly was a simultaneous phenomenon. This is called management approach "social man " .

Max Weber

Lawyer and German sociologist , developed a broader and technical Marx exposed the modern concept of bureaucracy. This concept applies to the study of large organizations expanding, private and state , in a " capitalist market economy ."

The ideal or pure type of bureaucratic administration formally built by Weber, has helped to interpret and explain the policy and dynamic behavior of large-scale organizations . Among the technical characteristics of the ideal type applicable in reality are:

The concept of rationality and predictable growth of organizations and elements that promote the strengthening of the planning process in organizations.
The need for a rational, formal status of the bureaucracy.
A decision management system and written procedures .
Management system professional career staff .
The character of impersonality, decisions based on the goals and standards of the bureaucracy.
Personal relationships , conflicts , relations with the union , culture, group work , routine, are aspects of organizational dynamics that the system does not provide rational bureaucratic administration .
Technological advances have led organizations to a modernization and rationalization process of systemic forms of interaction management capabilities , more flexible cultural change and the environment and automated information systems .

Most companies have absorbed and understood very well the option of participative management and open system approach as a means to improve productivity and efficiency.

Vilfredo Pareto

The right to be called "the father of the social systems approach " of the organization and administration won . Pareto considered society as an intricate set of independent units, or elements, that is, as a social system with numerous subsystems . Among his many ideas was the trend of social balance looking for outside influences or internal systems.
His thesis was that social attitudes, or feelings , work to make the system look for a balance when disturbed these forces.

He also considered that the task of the elite in any society is to provide the leadership to keep the social system.

Elton Mayo and F. J. Roethlisberger

What Mayo and his colleague discovered , partly based on Pareto 's thought , was to have a profound effect on management thinking .

They found in general that the improvement in productivity was due to social factors such as morale, satisfactory interrelationships among members of a work group and effective management : a type of management that understand human behavior , especially group behavior and through improved interpersonal skills such as motivation, leadership and communication.

In other words , the work of Mayo and his colleague highlighted the need for a broader and deeper understanding of the social and behavioral aspects of management.

Chester Barnard

Barnard was a scholar of the line and a great intellectual who was strongly influenced Pareto Mayo and other faculty members at Harvard, where he lectured occasionally .

His analysis of manager is truly a social systems approach because, in order to understand and analyze the functions of the executive , Barnard studied its main tasks in the system in which they operate .

In determining that the task of the executive was to maintain a system of cooperative effort in a formal organization , Barnard addressed the reasons and nature of cooperative systems , their theory focuses on the key elements of administrative work on decision -making and leadership.

Henry Fayol contributed fourteen principles , but it is necessary to clarify that the word has no rigid principles , for there is nothing rigid or absolute in administrative matters, everything in it is a matter of degree.

Division of Labour
The division of labor is natural order , aims eventually produce more and better with the same effort , has as a consequence , the specialization of functions and separation of powers.

Authority and Responsibility
Authority is the right to command and the power to exact obedience . No authority is conceived without responsibility, as it is a corollary of authority. The responsibility is usually feared as authority is sought .

discipline
It is essentially obedience, diligence , activity , behavior, the outward signs of respect manifested according to the conventions established between the company and its agents. "Discipline is like the bosses do ." The most effective means to maintain and set are:

Good bosses in all grades ,
the clear and fair as possible conventions ,
the penalties applied judiciously .
Unity of Command
For any action , an agent must not take orders from more than one head . The duality of command is extremely common and this can bring dissatisfaction, disappointment and confusion at work.

Unit Address
A single head for each set of operations that tend to the same object . Do not confuse unit director ( one leader , one program ) with control unit (an agent should not receive orders from more than one head ) . The control unit can not exist without unity of direction but not derived from it.

Subordination of Individual Interest to General Interest
In a company the interest of an agent or group of agents, should not prevail against the interest of the company. Means of implementation are:

The firmness and good example of the chiefs,
Some conventions as fair as possible,
Careful monitoring .
Remuneration of Staff
It is the price of the service provided . What is sought in the form of compensation is:

that ensure equitable remuneration ;
that zeal is encouraged by rewarding useful effort ;
I can not lead to excessive remuneration exceeding the reasonable limit .
Examine ways to pay :

Pay per day . Price is fixed in advance , there is close monitoring .
Pay per task. It depends on the execution of a task , regardless of the length of this .
Piecework . Is related to the work done and no limit.
Each of these modes has advantages and disadvantages , and their effectiveness depends on the circumstances and the ability of leaders.

IDM : To appeal to workers in the efficient running of the company, is added to the rate of the day a supplement called premium, which is subject to certain conditions. This can be given daily or annually. It is too new to be judged formula .

Bonuses : The idea of involving the workers is very seductive . The party likely will correspond to a serious labor of a few cents in wage ratio even five dollars . A boss is not a means you need a pecuniary duty to comply fully with encouragement, but not indifferent to material satisfaction .

The employer must provide their care , even if only in the interests of business , health , strength , training to morality, and the stability of its staff. Interest can be exercised off the premises , provided that is discreet and prudent .

All modes of payment that can enhance the value and life of personnel , and stimulate the zeal of the officers of all categories should be subject to continuous attention from the heads .

centralization
It is a fact of natural order , and it is simply a matter of degree. Find the measure that gives the best overall performance , as is the problem of centralization and decentralization . Anything that increases the importance of the role of subordinate is decentralization; everything that diminishes the importance of this role is centralization.

hierarchy
The chain of command is the path followed by communications and start from the higher authority or which are directed . This path is dictated both by the need for a reliable transfer and control unit . It is generally accepted that the main cause is the fear of duties but is actually insufficient administrative capacity of managers.

order
A place for everything and everything in its place . The order should result avoid wasting material and time losses ; cleanliness is a corollary of order. The perfect order further requires that the appropriate agent location and convenience to people instead.

equity
Justice is the embodiment of the established conventions. Equity is a combination of benevolence justice. Demands in the explanation , very sensibly experienced and great kindness .

Staff Stability
An agent needs time to get started in a new role and to get to do it well , admitting that enjoyment of the necessary skills. The instability is both cause and consequence of ill up a business ; is also a matter of degree.

initiative
The ability to conceive and execute is called initiative. The freedom to propose and execute are also initiative should be encouraged as much as possible and develop this faculty.

The Union Staff
Unity is strength. The first thing to notice is the control unit , the dangers to be avoided are:

Do not foster division staff . Effective talent is needed to coordinate efforts , encourage use of all the powers and reward merit of each without arousing suspicions and jealous without disturbing the harmony of relationships.
Abuse of written communications. To address a matter of business is to give an order orally that operate faster writing, relationships must be verbal , thus quickly gains clarity and harmony.
Without principles is in the dark , in the chaos ; inexperienced without measure, remains very puzzled , even with the best principles . The principle is the beacon that allows oriented: can not serve but to those who know the way to the harbor

Classification of companies

this is one of the most important points when carrying out the principles of administrative management

According to the legal system , in which the company is established, it can be : SA , Sociedad Anonima de Capital Variable , Limited Liability Company , Cooperative Society , Society Simple Limited , Company Limited by Shares and Company Name collective

Corporations : Son of a commercial nature as contemplated within its objects the execution of one or more business activities among them are :

Societies People
Companies
Companies Joint Nature
Societies of International Marketing
PARTNERSHIPS : Those in which all partners are known and in which both in society and in the match with its assets , jointly and severally with business obligations , which entitles them to all partners manage the company . Among such companies is the partnership and limited partnership .

Partnerships: in these societies the individual qualities of those who are associated predominate and confidence you have, the responsibility is joint and unlimited , ie , all account for the actions taken by society and other partners. The business name of partnership complies with the full name or the surname of one of the partners , or the names or the names of all partners followed by the keywords "& Company," " Brothers & ", " and children " or similar . It takes at least two people to conform and there is no maximum limit. The capital is divided into parts that can be of different value , and each member, regardless of their contribution is entitled to one vote at the shareholders' meeting . Legal representation corresponds to all the partners unless the delegate into a consortium or a third party.

Limited partnership or limited partnership : this society has two categories of partners: managers and limited partners. Managers manage the company or collective , jointly and severally represent and have unlimited liability for corporate transactions, as it is not necessary to give some kind of contribution . The limited partners are what make the contributions not involved in the administration of society and respond to their social obligations to the extent of their respective contributions. In limited partnerships , at least there should be a manager or general partner and a limited partner , and intellectual capital must be paid to build the company and immediately any reform that capital is made. The limited partnership integrates with the contribution of capital or limited partners with these same managers and partners and is divided into shares of equal value. The managing partner for the mere fact of being entitled to one vote and the limited partners are entitled to one vote for each share of the capital they hold . If several partners managing their decisions must be unanimous , and the majority limited partners . There must be at least one manager and five shareholders partner.
CAPITAL COMPANIES : Are those you do not know who they are partners and they respond to the amount of their contributions for social obligations . To this category belong comanditas corporations and joint stock companies.

SA : It is identified with the denomination determined by the partners followed by the words " corporation " or the abbreviation "SA " . Should be formed at least five shareholder does not have a ceiling of shareholders and their liability is limited to value their contributions. The representation of society and administration of corporate business , correspond to the legal representative and alternates may be appointed quines indefinitely and removed at any time. They are elected by board bylaws although this designation may be delegated to the shareholders . The capital is divided into shares of equal value are represented in freely traded securities and are divided into three classes:
Authorized : It determines the fixed ceiling capitalization level of society ; this limit is set by the shareholders freely.
Joined : The part of the authorized shareholders undertake to pay term capital, should be the time of its formation no less than half of the authorized .
Paid : The part of the undersigned shareholders have actually paid and that the company has entered which , when constituting this may not be less than one third of the subscribed capital.


Societies comanditas by actions: It is with the same solemnities collective society. No need to involve the limited partners . The company once legally constituted form a legal entity distinct from its partners individually considered . For all legal purposes and for tax aspects shareholders must declare assets and income. The company pays a (% ) on profits . Number of partners is with 1 or more groups and at least 5 backers . The capital will be represented by shares of equal value. The contribution of industry to the managing partners were not part of the social capital. In forming the company must subscribe at least 50 % of the shares in the authorized capital is divided and even paid a third of the value of each share subscribed . State the authorized is prohibited without mentioning the subscribed and paid-up capital and express the capital without giving paid. The deadline to cancel all outstanding shares not exceeding one year subscription .
The liability of each partner is unlimited for managers or groups up to the amount of their contributions to the limited partners . The marketability of the partitions will be like in the partnership to the managing partners and the corporation and to the limited partners . Regarding the company name will be added in all cases the abbreviated information "SCA " ( partnership limited by shares). The administration corresponds to the general partners who may exercise directly or through their representatives . The limited partners may not perform according to the representation of society, but as delegates of the general partners for certain businesses. The roles of the partners are the same as in the simple limited partnership , as well as the distribution of profits . The time duration must be defined and be fixed in the deed . The grounds for dissolution are given by expected maturity term , failure to develop social enterprise , reducing a number of partners, bankruptcy of society, decision of the partners , decision authority and losses that reduce the equity less than 50 % of capital

SOCIETIES JOINT NATURE : That in which members know who they are but this answer only to the extent of their contributions. To this category belong the limited liability companies .

LLCs : They identify with the corporate name to identify partners , followed by the word "limited" or the abbreviation " Ltd " . Failure to comply with the rule described above , the partners are jointly and unlimitedly liable third parties. As to liability, each partner is liable , up to the value of their contribution but may agree to some or all of the partners greater responsibility , benefits , consulting or guarantees , express its nature, how much , duration and modalities. The capital is divided into shares or parts of equal value must be paid in full at the time of setting up the company , and when solemnize any increase thereof . Such companies should be formed with two or more partners and the maximum number is 25.

Business administration and representation of the company corresponds to partners who can provide that representation rests only in one or some or third . At meetings of the board of trustees, each member has as many votes as shares held by the company , decisions must be made by a plural number of shareholders representing the absolute majority ie half plus one of the shares in which it is divided capital of the company, although you can agree on a majority statutes than absolute for making certain decisions. The statutory amendments should be adopted by the affirmative vote of a plural number of shareholders representing at least seventy percent of the shares in the capital unless a higher majority stipulated in the statutes is divided .


INTERNATIONAL MARKETING COMPANIES (CI ) : An instrument for the promotion and support of marketings , through which companies that are principally intended to make foreign trade and particularly direct their activities towards the promotion and marketing of Colombian products in foreign markets , besides getting some tax benefits.

Constitution :

Established as international marketing company , CI , by writing published as one of the corporate forms established by the Commercial Code.
Company name: should be included within the social reason the term " international marketing company " or failing IC acronym.
Purpose : shall mainly conduct foreign trade and particularly direct their activities towards the promotion and marketing of Colombian products in foreign markets .
Register a constitution in the Chamber of Commerce with jurisdiction will address the society.
Get the NIT at the direction of national taxes and customs DIAN.
Register on the National Register of exporters.
To register for the international marketer , IC, before the ministry of foreign trade, must be taken into account: ask the general direction of your trade promotion tools , free zones and societies of international marketing, application form for registration and international trading .
Fill out and submit to the aforementioned dependence ministry of foreign trade :
Original application form for registration and international trading .
Original certificate of existence and legal representation issued by the Chamber of Commerce of the domicile of the corporation .
The national register of exporters.
Copy of NIT .
Market research.
Requirements For Registration Of The Constitution In The Chamber Of Commerce :

Previously verified in the chamber of commerce that no other company or business establishment with the same name to be registered there .
Both civil society and business are constituted by public deed before a notary public and must contain at least the following requirements set forth in Article 110 of the Commercial Code .
Appearance and signature of the partners or their agents .
Name , address and identification of the partners.
Name of society.
Registered Office .
The social order , stating clearly the main activities .
Social capital, the number of shares into which it divides the value of each share and the contributions corresponding to each partner. In stock companies authorized , subscribed and paid-up capital , number of shares and the value of each share . It should be noted that there is a minimum value and a maximum value of capital.
The method of administration or representation of society and the powers and limitations of the legal representative. Should not mention the powers of the legal representative , shall be deemed to have the powers provided by law traded.
The precise duration of the company .
The appointment of legal representatives and organs of administration and control.
Proof of acceptance of office and identifications , except persons designated to sign the deed .
Arbitration clause .

Fill the commercial registration form which is located in any of the seats of the chamber of commerce , without corrections or amendments and signed by the legal representative.
The company must submit the application for registration in the Chamber of Commerce with jurisdiction in the place where you have your principal residence. And for this purpose must file the deed of incorporation, registration form and acceptance letters of appointments that are made either legal representatives, board of directors and statutory auditors but are signing the deed of incorporation.
Once entering documents , registration fees and tuition tax registration is charged . These tariffs are set by the government annually and are a fixed rate ; enrollment is calculated according to the capital and the registration tax is 0.7% of capital. Where in the constitution of society are contributed property must first register script in the registry office of public instruments , then the copy of receipt of payment and all the formalities described above will be recorded on camera trade and only pay registration fees and tuition, because in the registration office of public instruments registration tax is paid. With the chamber of commerce are required to renew the commercial registration annually during the first three months of the year . Both commercial and civil are constituted in the same manner .